Parallel to the importance of shelter ventilation systems and technological developments, the power and capabilities of weapon and weapon systems have also increased today. As a natural consequence of this, concepts such as façade and border disappeared completely, and all dormitories and civilians entered the attack area. Among these great dangers, besides the measures to be taken by the Armed Forces and other measures, importance should be given to building shelters. Otherwise, it is natural that the loss of life and property will be high. However, in order to provide the expected benefit from shelters, the following three important principles must be taken into consideration before building shelters.
-Determining of the place to be sheltered.
-Planning those who will benefit from the shelter.
-The shelter to be built can be used for other purposes.
Bunkers are places of protection built with nuclear and conventional weapons, from the effects of biological and chemical warfare agents and natural disasters, to protect people’s living and vital assets for the survival of the country’s war power.
It must have some features in order to provide refuge conditions:
– Explosion resistance,
Gas tightness,
–Water tightness,
-It should provide resistance and shock insulation against electromagnetic radiation.
Since the external atmosphere is uninhabitable, it is necessary to create an artificial atmosphere in the shelter so that people can be saved with minimal support.
Regarding the shelters, the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement and the Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency prepared by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement and the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, in accordance with Article 12 / e of the Law No. 180 on the Establishment and Duties of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement and Articles 36 and 44 of this Law. Shelter Regulation ”.
The administrations that issue the building permit and the building occupancy permit are authorized and responsible for the implementation of this Regulation. Supervision authority of governorships and metropolitan municipalities is reserved when necessary.
In the implementation of the regulation, the written opinion of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement is obtained on issues such as plans, projects, building permits, construction, building permits and condominium, and on other issues, the Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency.
Shelter Ventilation and Shelter Requirements
Refuge Types
Shelters; They are gathered in two groups: Shelters by Users and Purpose of Use:
• Bunkers According To Users
• Private refuges: They are built in houses, public and private offices, in the basements or gardens of factories and establishments. It is used to protect those who live and serve here.
• General refuges: They are made jointly by the government, the municipality and the private administration in places where there is a large number of people’s communities or in places where there is a lot of traffic (such as a bazaar, market, garage, port, station) to protect those currently outside.
• Shelters by Purpose of Use
• Pressure bunkers: These are bunkers that are built to protect against the effects of chemical and biological warfare, by the effects of nuclear weapons with sudden (light, heat, pressure and initial radiation) and residual (radioactive fallout) effects.
• Fallout shelters: These are shelters built to protect against the radioactive fallout effects of nuclear weapons. These bunkers; They also provide protection against chemical and biological warfare agents, weakened pressure and heat effects of nuclear weapons, and fragmentation effects of conventional and modern weapons.
Ventilation in Shelters
1-Regardless of the type of shelter, people who benefit from the shelter should be ensured to live in a healthy and comfortable manner during their stay in the protection environment. In order for people to survive, the full air must be planned to meet the minimum living conditions.
2-In cases where the outside air is polluted with radiation, biological or chemical dust and parts, the air sucked in must be given to the environment by passing through appropriate filters to hold these pollutants.
2.1-In places where there is a high fire hazard, the outside air must be filtered through the sand, which acts as a buffer against pressure, temperature and humidity, and then passed through the activated carbon filter.
2.1.1-Since the relative humidity of the outside air passing through the sand filter is higher than in the interior, condensation occurs in the pool and the condensed water is necessarily with a drain device at the bottom of the sand pool.
should be thrown out. For this, the water should be taken out with a PVC pipe with a diameter of DN 25.
2.1.2-When the sand height is 2 m, the pressure loss of the sand filter should be made by taking 200 Pa.
2.1.3-When it is preferred to use sand filter in the shelter, the sand to be used should be 2-5 mm in size, covering the suction grill by 5 cm, and on top of it should be quartz particles of 0.4-0.8 mm.
2.2-Sand filter is not applied in regions where there is a low fire hazard.
EU 3 dust filter and nuclear filter can be used. In the normal state, only through the EU 3 dust filter and activated carbon filter
air should be given in.
2.3-In the case of chemical and biological contamination with nuclear fallout, suitable filters can be used for each pollution, as well as compact filters that can meet these three pollutions.
2.4-Shelter Capacity-Protection Ventilation (air amount per person in 1 hour m3 / hour)
High Fire Hazard
Low and Medium Fire Hazard
1.8 m3 / hour for 0-50 people. Sand filter, G4 dust filter, activated carbon filterG4 dust filter, radioactive filter and activated carbon filter
Up to 51-150 people. 3 m3 / hour. Sand filter, G4 dust filter, activated carbon filterG4 dust filter, radioactive filter and activated carbon filter more than 150 people 4.5 m3 / hour. Sand filter, G4 dust filter, activated carbon filter G4 dust filter, radioactive filter and activated carbon filter
2.5-Channel design, orifice number and layout are regulated by the mechanical installation project owner. This arrangement is made taking into account TS 3419 “Ventilation and Air Conditioning Facilities-Design Rules” and TS 3420 “Placement of Air Conditioning and Air Conditioning Facilities Rules”.
2.6-The energy requirement of the shelter ventilation fan should be met with a generator with a capacity suitable for the fan electric motor, and an area outside the shelter area for the generator should be designed as a machine room. Generator exhaust should be given directly outside. In cases where the generator fails, the energy
needs should be met with the help of a rotating arm working with a manpower attached to the fan.
2.7- Hygiene measures: The shelter should be designed to provide easy removal of accumulated garbage and other wastes, the toilet bowl should be used instead of the waste stone and if possible, additional measures should be taken against the radioactive leakage and the wastewater drain should be connected to the sewage system.
In cases where the waste water drain is directly connected to the sewage in the bunkers, a rebound valve should be applied to prevent rebound.
3 – The capacity of the mechanical ventilation of the shelters varies according to the size of the shelter. According to the shelter size given in the table below, the design should be made considering the normal and protective ventilation capacities and the filters to be used.
1-It should be ensured that the minimum amount of oxygen in the air required for breathing is not less than 19% and the amount of CO2 is not more than 2%, and the temperature of the dry thermometer should not exceed 29 ° C. In order to protect the health conditions and not to exceed 4% of the CO2 amount in the ambient air, people need at least 500 lt / h of breathing air per person.
Basic Conditions for Ventilation in Shelters:
1-To prevent the leakage of radiation, biological and chemical powders and parts into the shelter, a positive pressure of 50 Pa should be created in the indoor environment compared to the external environment.
2-Shelter air should not be heated, cooled and humidified.
3-All openings or openings in the shelter should be airtight.
4- With these conditions, the following measures should be taken in system design in order to ensure the necessary safety.
4.1 – Bunkers should include normal ventilation and protective ventilation systems.
4.2 – When the outside air is breathable, normal ventilation should be activated and the fresh air taken from outside should be filtered with EU 3 quality dust filter and given to the environment.
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